\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[ngerman]{babel}
\usepackage{xcolor}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%newNOTES%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\newcommand\newnotestype[2]{%
\newcounter{#1note}%
\expandafter\newwrite\csname the#1notes\endcsname
\expandafter\immediate\expandafter\openout\csname
the#1notes\endcsname=\jobname.#1\relax %
\expandafter\newcommand\csname #1note\endcsname[1]{%
\stepcounter{#1note}%
{%
\tiny\textsuperscript\expandafter\textcolor{#2}{{%
\raisebox{1ex}{\hbox{\kern-0.0em\csname
the#1note\endcsname\kern-0.0em}}}}%
\expandafter\immediate\expandafter\write\csname the#1notes\endcsname%
{\csname the#1note\endcsname\ \unexpanded{##1 \par}}%
}}%
%
\expandafter\newcommand\csname display#1notes\endcsname[1]{%
\vspace{1\baselineskip}%
\expandafter\immediate\expandafter\closeout%
\csname the#1notes\endcsname%
\par\tiny\expandafter\textcolor{#2}{\textbf{##1}}\par%
\input\jobname.#1%
}}%
\usepackage{longtable}
\parindent=0pt
\newnotestype{new}{red}
\newnotestype{ade}{magenta}
\newnotestype{any}{blue}
\begin{document}
Ein Testtext\adenote{Anmerkung} mit vier\newnote{Anmerkung}
verschiedenen\anynote{Anmerkung}\newnote{Anmerkung} farblich gekennzeichneten
Anmerkungen.Ein Testtext ohne verschiedene farbliche Anmerkungen.
\vspace{-2\baselineskip}
\begin{longtable}[l]{p{2cm}p{2cm}p{2cm}}
\displaynewnotes{new}&\displayadenotes{ade}&\displayanynotes{any}\\
\end{longtable}