Es geht, in dem indem man `name=Name-\coordindex` oder `name=#1-\coordindex` verwendet.
Ein mögliches Beispiel:
\documentclass[margin=5mm, tikz]{standalone}
\usepackage{pgfplots}
\pgfplotsset{compat=1.13,
name nodes near coords/.style={
every node near coord/.append style={
name=#1-\coordindex,
% alias=#1-last,
anchor=center, inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0.5pt,
},
},
name nodes near coords/.default=coordnode
}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[
BeschriftungsStyle/.style={text=black,
font=\scriptsize\ttfamily, % \tiny % \scriptsize
}
]
\begin{axis}[hide axis,
x = 15mm, y=15mm,
nodes near coords,
]
% Linienzug
\addplot+ [name nodes near coords=P,
nodes near coords={}, % Leere node setzen
only marks,
mark options={red},
mark size=1.125pt,
] table[header=false, x index=2, y index=3] {%
P1 1 0.00 3.60
P2 2 1.00 3.60
P3 3 0.50 4.47
P4 4 -0.50 4.47
P5 5 -1.00 3.60
P6 6 -0.50 2.73
P7 7 0.50 2.73
P8 8 0.00 1.08
P9 9 -0.23 2.05
P10 10 0.73 1.76
};
\end{axis}
% Beschriftung der Streichholzköpfe
\foreach[evaluate={\N=int(\n+1)}] \n in {0,...,9} \node[above, BeschriftungsStyle] at (P-\n) {\N};
% Zeichnen der Linienzüge
\foreach \n in {3,2,5,2,6,4,1} \draw[] (P-0) -- (P-\n);
\foreach \n in {6,8,4} \draw[blue] (P-5) -- (P-\n);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
